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经椎弓根椎体植骨+椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段骨折近期疗效分析

来源:用户上传      作者: 蔡宏华 王新光 邬哲慧 缪海雄 郑剑平

  【摘要】 目的 探讨经椎弓根椎体植骨后路三柱植骨在胸腰段骨折治疗中的临床应用。方法 自2004年10月至2007年8月本院收治的胸腰段骨折患者53例,其中男34例,女19例;年龄26~46岁,平均36岁;T118例,T1219例,L126例。骨折类型:压缩型11例,爆裂型42例。神经功能按ASIA分级:A级5例,B级7例,C级15例,D级7例,E级19例。本组病例全部经后路手术,行或不行椎板减压,病椎经椎弓根前中柱植骨,双侧横突植骨,未经椎板减压患者加用椎板植骨。术前、术后及随访时摄X线检查,测量观察椎体高度有无丢失,内固定有无断裂、松动情况发生。结果 53例患者均达理想复位,术后随访8~48个月,平均25个月,53例患者骨折均骨性愈合,未发现畸形矫正度的丧失,无断钉或断棒现象,术后三柱融合佳,近期观察未见病椎角度丢失。除3例A级患者神经功能无恢复外,其余患者均有Ⅰ级以上的恢复。结论 经后路短节段椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折对恢复神经功能病椎高度和生理曲度效果佳,经椎弓根椎体前中柱植骨对恢复脊柱三柱稳定性、降低术后病椎高度丢失效果良好。
  【关键词】胸腰椎骨折; 椎弓根; 植骨
  
  The short-term effect of thoracolumbar fracture treated with transpedicular intracorporeal grafting and pedicle screw internal fixation
  CAI Hong-hua,WANG Xin-guang,WU Zhe-hui,et al.Centre People’s Hospital in Huizhou City,Guangdong 516001,China
  
  【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the clinical application of transpedicular intracorporeal grafting in the treatment ofthoracolumbar fracture.Methods 53 patients with thoracolumbar fracture from Oct 2004 to Aug 2007,34 cases were male and 19 cases were female; the age ranged from 26 to 46 years old,average 36 years old; including 8 cases of T11 fracture,19 cases of T12 fracture and 26 cases of L1 fracture,11 cases were compressive fracture and 42 cases were burst fracture;5 cases were grade A,7 cases were grade B,15 cases were grade C,7 cases were grade D and19 cases were grade E according to the ASIA neurological impair scale,all the cases were treated with pedicle screw internal fixation with posterior approach,laminectomy were performed in some cases according the personal circumstances,the transpedicular bone grafting were palced in the anterior and medial column of the injured vertebrae combined with transverse process bone grafting,vertebral plate bone grafting were used in the non-laminectomy cases.The height of the injured vertebrae was measured and the internal fixation was observed through the preoperative and postoperative X-ray.Results All the fractured vertebrae got well reduction.All cases were followed up 8 to 48 months,25 months in average,all cases got bone healing,there were no loss of the height of the injured vertebraeand no breaking or loosen of the screws or rods.At least 1 grade of ASIA scale of neurological function improvement were got in all cases except in the 3 cases of grade 1.Conclusion The thoracolumbar fractrues were treated withpedicle screw internal fixation can recover the height of the injured vertebrae,improve the neurological function and maintain the physiological curve of the spine,transpedicular intracorporeal grafting can well restore the stability of the three column of spine and avoid losing of height of injured vertebrae.
  【Key words】Thoracolumbar fracture; Pedicle;Bone grafting
  
  胸腰段骨折经后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗,虽然可以重建椎体高度和生理弯曲,但单纯后路植骨术后出现纠正度丢失率及内固定失败率是当代骨科医师所面临的一大难题,经椎弓根钉行椎体内植骨是临床尝试,远期疗效待进一步观察。
  
  1 资料与方法
  
  1.1 一般资料 2004年10月至2007年8月收治的胸腰椎单节段骨折53例,男34例,女19例;年龄26~46岁,平均36岁。骨折节段:T118例,T1219例,L126例。术前神经功能按ASIA[1]分级:A级5例,B级7例,C级15例,D级7例,E级19例。其中压缩型骨折11例,爆裂型骨折42例。所有患者均经CT扫描证实椎体中柱受损,属不稳定型骨折。所有患者在伤后一周内行后路切开复位,短节段椎弓根钉内固定术,应用内固定器GSS、CDH、MOSS-MIAMI等后路钉棒系统。其中31例行椎板减压,23例未行椎板减压。所有病例术中均经髂后上嵴取骨,伤椎棘突,椎板减压等所咬下的碎骨也用于椎体内及双侧横突间植骨。

  1.2 手术方法
  1.2.1 腰硬联合麻醉下,患者俯卧于U型垫上,常规显露包括病椎在内的上下三个椎体的双侧椎板至横突。椎弓根钉进针点定位采用Weunsten[2]或人字嵴定位点[3],手锥钻孔后插入克氏针,经C型臂X线机明确在椎弓根内后,拧入椎弓根钉。术前CT扫描椎管明显受压,超过50%和(或)存在神经症状者均行椎管减压,然后安装纵连杆按步骤撑开恢复病椎高度。
  1.2.2 应用田氏脊柱花刀探查并复位突入椎管后方骨块,注意尽量减少刺激脊髓,如减压彻底可见硬膜明显搏动。术中可能见椎管静脉丛出血,多经压迫或减压后能很好地止血。
  1.2.3 病椎椎弓根定位后,运用协和环钻经椎弓根钻孔[4],经病椎两侧椎弓根钻孔形成椎弓根通道,用Krrison咬钳经通道咬除压入椎体的髓核或用脊柱花刀复位塌陷的终板。如纵连杆对病椎通道操作有影响可拆除一侧纵连杆,形成通道后从新装上。
  1.2.4 髂后上嵴取松质骨,如行椎板减压,连同椎板及棘突所咬下的碎骨,一起经病椎椎弓根通道植入椎体,53例病例植骨量7~9 g。植骨过程经C型臂X线机监控。将包括病椎在内的上下三个脊椎横突用磨钻磨除皮质,剩余碎骨植于两侧横突间。未行椎管减压病例,磨钻磨除椎板皮质后加行椎板植骨。
  1.2.5 椎管减压的病例于减压创面注射生物蛋白胶或取脂肪垫覆盖防粘连。常规置胶管负压引流。
  1.3 术后处理 48 h后拔引流管。拔引流管后,双下肢肌力在Ⅳ级以上的可戴支具下床活动,双下肢肌力Ⅲ级以下的卧床功能锻炼。3个月后去支具负重。
  
  2 结果
  
  53例病例椎弓根钉均能准确置入椎弓根处,病椎高度恢复90%以上。伤前的后突畸形Cobb角平均为26°(11°~32°),术后纠正至平均3°(1°~7°)。术后随访8~48个月,平均25个月,53例患者骨折均骨性愈合,未发现畸形矫正度的丧失,无断钉或断棒现象。最初ASIA分级A级3例无恢复,2例恢复至C级;B级5例恢复至D级,2例恢复至C级;C级10例恢复至E级,5例恢复至D级;D级7例均恢复至E级; E级19例无加重。37例患者已于术后12个月左右拆除内固定器,近期随访未见再次塌陷。
  
  3 讨论
  
  生物力学研究表明[5,6],在直立时,80%~90%的轴向压力直接作用于前柱上,其余的10%~20%则通过后柱。Biedermann[7]在完整结构良好的前柱中,应用后路小直径柔性棒“张力”固定,确定了80%力通过前柱,而20%力在后柱;在应用后路刚性内置物时,力量转移不大,65%的力直接转移到前柱,35%在后柱,如果椎体切除没有重建,则100%的力必定会通过后方内置物。Gaines[8]所提供的临床资料讨论了脊柱骨折的载荷分布分类,显示在三柱不稳时有相当的应力作用在后路短节段器械,这是造成螺钉断裂的原因之一。因此脊柱前柱缺陷时,仅靠后路内固定器械难以达到前柱理想载荷分布,需行前路支撑植骨或其他方法的脊柱前路重建。
  尽管胸腰椎骨折侵犯椎管的因素大多数来自前方,前路减压更加完全,但经后路椎弓根钉固定无疑更加牢固,而且,急性期经后路通过韧带的牵拉达到复位减压的效果已经得到许多学者的证实[9],这就是目前后路固定仍能流行的原因之一。理论上经前路减压加后路固定可能达到更好的远期治疗效果,但更大的创伤至今难以让大多数骨科医师接受。通过相应的器械的帮助下使复位、固定和三柱融合能在单一入路进行应该是更好的选折。经椎弓根椎体植骨提高前方远期的支撑力应该是一种可行的尝试。
  有学者[10]认为骨折后的椎体复位后,椎体呈“蛋壳”样改变,椎体内间隙不会发生骨性愈合,而是由纤维性组织充填。徐宝山[11]随访了18例患者,术后经CT扫描,证实16例伤椎内有空隙存在,另外,胸腰椎爆裂骨折时,椎间盘髓核挤入椎体,也是造成椎体内骨性愈合不全的重要原因之一。因此经椎弓根行椎间植骨,清除挤入椎体内的髓核对椎体的骨性愈合在理论上有较大的意义。本组病例短期随访未见伤椎高度及角度的丢失,远期随访尚需进一步观察。
  术中借助相应器械对手术的成功与否有很大帮助。田氏花刀对经韧带牵拉仍无法复位的后突骨块有很好的效果,虽然在操作过程中有刺激脊髓之嫌,但熟练的操作是能达到效果的;手术难点在于经椎弓根植骨通道的建立,意外的创伤可能加重脊髓损伤或损伤神经根,要求精细的操作,协和环钻在处理压入椎体的髓核有意想不到的结果。
  
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