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2018年1~12月本溪市流行性出血热发病情况分析

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  摘要:目的  分析2018年1~12月本溪市流行性出血热发病情况,以期为疾病防治提供参考依据。方法  采用描述性流行病学方法对本溪市2018年1~12月流行性出血热的疫情监测资料進行分析。结果  2018年1~12月本溪市流行性出血热发病共47例,无死亡病例,发病率为2.72/10万,其中本溪县地区发病率最高,高新区发病率最低。宿主动物检测显示,同一季节本溪市和国家/省级监测点本溪县野外的鼠密度大于居民区,且春季鼠密度小于秋季。本溪市共解剖鼠肺400只,经出血热抗原检测,抗原阳性9份,鼠带毒率为2.25%,其中居民区阳性3份,鼠带毒率为1.50%;野外阳性6份,鼠带毒率为3.00%;且春季带毒率为1.75%,高于秋季的0.50%。本溪县共解剖鼠肺200只,经出血热抗原检测,抗原阳性3份,鼠带毒率为1.50%,其中居民区阳性1份,鼠带毒率为0.50%;野外阳性2份,鼠带毒率为1.00%;且春季带毒率为1.00%,高于秋季的0.50%。结论  本溪市地区流行性出血热发病率存在季节和地区差异,应提高重点地区防鼠灭鼠,重点人群出血热疫苗接种率和防治知识知晓率,有针对性的防御。
  关键词:流行性出血热;疫情监测;汉坦病毒
  中图分类号:R18                                     文献标识码:A                                 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.15.039
  文章编号:1006-1959(2020)15-0128-03
  Abstract:Objective  To analyze the incidence of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City from January to December 2018, with a view to providing a reference for disease prevention and treatment.Methods  Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic surveillance data of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City from January to December 2018.Results  From January to December 2018, there were 47 cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City, with no deaths. The incidence rate was 2.72 per 100,000. Among them, the incidence rate in Benxi County was the highest, and that in the High-tech zone was the lowest. Host animal testing showed that in the same season, the density of rodents in the wild in Benxi City and the national/provincial monitoring point in Benxi County was greater than that in residential areas, and the density of rats in spring was less than that in autumn. A total of 400 rat lungs were dissected in Benxi City. After testing for hemorrhagic fever antigen, 9 were positive for the antigen and the rate of virulence in mice was 2.25%, of which 3 were positive in the residential area and 1.50% were in the wild; The poisoning rate is 3.00%; and the poisoning rate in spring is 1.75%, which is higher than 0.50% in autumn.A total of 200 rat lungs were dissected in Benxi County. After hemorrhagic fever antigen test, 3 antigens were positive and the virulence rate was 1.50%, of which 1 was positive in residential areas and 0.50%.2 positive cases in the field, the rate of virulence in rats was 1.00%; and the rate of virulence in spring was 1.00%, higher than 0.50% in autumn.Conclusion  There are seasonal and regional differences in the incidence of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City. It is necessary to improve the anti-rat and rodent control in key areas. The vaccination rate of hemorrhagic fever vaccine and awareness of prevention and control in key populations should be targeted.   Key words:Epidemic hemorrhagic fever;Epidemic surveillance;Hantaan virus
  肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS)是一种主要流行在亚洲和非洲的传染病,是由汉坦病毒引起的一种自然疫源性疾病,鼠类是汉坦病毒主要宿主动物和传染源[1]。感染后临床主要表现为急性肾损伤、血管通透性增高和凝血功能异常,其病情危急、并发症多,病死率高[2]。根据国家卫生和计划生育委员会的统计数据,1950~2014年中国共报告了1625002例出血热病例,其中46968例死亡,死亡率为2.89%[3]。为了进一步了解本溪市出血热的流行特征,为制定防控策略和措施提供科学依据,本研究结合2018年度报告的出血热病例以及监测数据进行具体分析。
  1资料与方法
  1.1资料来源  2018年1~12月病例资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统-传染病报告系统,人口资料来源于中心流行病调查,宿主动物监测资料来源于本溪市疾病预防控制中心档案资料。
  1.2方法
  1.2.1人血清汉坦病毒核酸检测  患者血清采用ELISA法检测汉坦病毒特异性IgM、IgG 抗体。
  1.2.2宿主动物检测  根據WS278-2008《流行性出血热诊断标准》[4],分别于春季和秋季对本溪市和国家/省级监测点本溪市进行鼠密度及鼠带毒率监测。采用夹夜法分别在居民区和野外开展捕鼠调查,并计算鼠密度(鼠密度=捕获鼠的数/有效夹数×100%)。对捕到的鼠进行无菌解剖取鼠肺,采用免疫荧光法检测其EHF抗原携带情况,即鼠带毒率,鼠带毒率=抗原阳性鼠数量/捕获鼠的数量×100%。
  1.3统计学方法  应用Excel和SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计分析,计数资料以(n)和(%)进行描述。
  2结果
  2.1本溪市出血热发病情况  本溪市出血热发病共47例,无死亡病例,发病率为2.72/10万,其中本溪县地区发病率最高,高新区发病率最低,见表1。
  2.2宿主动物检测
  2.2.1本溪市春秋季鼠密度及带毒率监测情况  春秋两季鼠密度监测结果显示,同一季节野外的鼠密度大于居民区,且春季鼠密度小于秋季。共解剖鼠肺400只,经出血热抗原检测,抗原阳性9份,鼠带毒率为2.25%,其中居民区阳性3份,鼠带毒率为1.50%;野外阳性6份,鼠带毒率为3.00%;且春季带毒率为1.75%,高于秋季的0.50%,见表2。
  2.2.2国家/省级监测点(本溪县)春秋季鼠密度及鼠带毒率监测情况  春秋两季鼠密度监测结果显示,同一季节野外的鼠密度大于居民区,且春季鼠密度小于秋季。共解剖鼠肺200只,经出血热抗原检测,抗原阳性3份,鼠带毒率为1.50%,其中居民区阳性1份,鼠带毒率为0.50%;野外阳性2份,鼠带毒率为1.00%;且春季带毒率为1.00%,高于秋季的0.50%,见表3。
  3讨论
  3.1出血热发病情况  2018年1~12月本溪市出血热发病47例,发病率为2.75/10万,发病地区主要集中于本溪县(25.53%)和明山区(21.28%)。宿主动物检测显示,同一季节本溪市和国家/省级监测点本溪县野外的鼠密度大于居民区,且春季鼠密度小于秋季。本溪市共解剖鼠肺400只,经出血热抗原检测,抗原阳性9份,鼠带毒率为2.25%,其中居民区阳性3份,鼠带毒率为1.50%;野外阳性6份,鼠带毒率为3.00%;且春季带毒率为1.75%,高于秋季的0.50%。本溪县共解剖鼠肺200只,经出血热抗原检测,抗原阳性3份,鼠带毒率为1.50%,其中居民区阳性1份,鼠带毒率为0.50%;野外阳性2份,鼠带毒率为1.00%;且春季带毒率为1.00%,高于秋季的0.50%。研究表明[5-7],气温、降水和相对湿度等气候因素可能影响HFRS的发病率,尤其是季节,一般春季是高峰期,秋季是小高峰期。而本溪市鼠密度主要是在秋季较高,这是由于秋季是各种粮食或者果实成熟的季节,有利于鼠类的繁殖与快速生长;而在春季带毒率较高,这是由于春季万物复苏,导致各种病菌以及传染病的快速传播,与国内的其他研究相一致[7]。
  3.2防治策略  尽管相关部门已经根据上一年监测结果对防疫工作进行加强,但是防治的首要任务仍是防鼠灭鼠,要做到春季防疫情传染,秋季严控鼠密度。鼠密度与出血热发病率具有直接的关系[8]。在高发的地区尤其是本溪县要坚持常年灭鼠和突击灭鼠相结合,保持防鼠灭鼠工作的常态化,于出血热春季流行高峰前进行全地区的大面积突击灭鼠,疫情暴发时应随时采取应急灭鼠措施,将鼠密度控制在指标要求以下。其次,要扩大接种人群、加强接种疫苗。流行性出血热疫苗的接种能够有效预防出血热,是目前最为有效手段[9-11]。通过接种疫苗,形成免疫保护屏障,提高人体整体的免疫力。同时根据检测结果,对本溪县、明山区、怀仁县等发病率高的地区进行重点加强。最后,加强对感染人群的深入分析,年龄职业、性别、年龄、居住环境等的有效分析,能够更为准确的加强疾病的预防[12]。
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  收稿日期:2020-04-04;修回日期:2020-04-14
  编辑/杜帆
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