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涉疫情防控犯罪惩治的刑法问题思考与分析

来源:用户上传      作者:闻志强

  [摘 要]在疫情防控特殊时期、紧急状态下,尤其要坚守法治的基本原则和立场,这集中体现在涉疫情犯罪的刑法解释和司法适用中。疫情防控秩序作为复合型新生法益,可以成为打击涉疫情防控犯罪的刑法解释目标,在必要情形下适度采取定性从严方面的入罪解释和量刑从重方面的从重处罚,但应当准确理解从严从重的法理内涵,不得违反禁止重复评价原则。从严从重惩治涉疫情防控犯罪,并不意味着从快,更没有改变宽严相济刑事政策的要求与内涵,也不可能取代宽严相济刑事政策成为基本的、常态的刑事政策,同时必须坚守罪刑法定原则和人权保障原则。涉疫情防控犯罪的认定必须准确把握罪状和罪质,具体分析和认定个罪构成要件,防止一刀切、泛化甚至滥用重罪处罚。
  [关键词]以危险方法危害公共安全罪;妨害传染病防治罪;从严从重;罪刑法定;宽严相济
  [中图分类号]D914 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1671-8372(2022)02-0098-15
  Consideration and analysis of criminal law issues on punishment of crimes related to epidemic prevention and control
  WEN Zhi-qiang
  (School of Law, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China)
  Abstract:In the special period of epidemic prevention and control and under the state of emergency, the basic principles and position of the rule of law should be upheld. This is reflected in the interpretation of criminal law and judicial application of epidemic related crimes. As a new compound law benefit, the order of epidemic prevention and control can become the target of criminal law interpretation to crack down on crimes related to epidemic prevention and control. If necessary, we should appropriately adopt strict interpretation on the nature of the crime and heavier punishment in terms of sentencing. However, we should accurately understand the legal connotation of being strict and serious, and should not violate the principle of prohibiting repeated evaluation. Punishing crimes related to epidemic prevention and control strictly does not mean speeding up the punishment process, or changing the requirements and connotation of the criminal policy of balancing leniency with severity, or replacing it as a basic and normal criminal policy. At the same time, the principle of statutory punishment and the principle of human rights protection must be upheld. When we identify crimes related to epidemic prevention and control, we must accurately identify the facts and nature of the crime, specifically analyze and identify the constituent elements of each crime, and avoid the practice that one size fits all, generalization and even abuse of felony punishment.
  Key words:crime of endangering public security by dangerous methods; crime of hindering the prevention and control of infectious diseases; being strict and severe; statutory punishment for a crime; tempering justice with mercy
  一、题产生的背景和提出
  2020年伊始,由新型冠状病毒引发的新冠肺炎疫情席卷中国大地,由此引发了隔离、封城、禁足、测温、检疫等一系列非常时期的非常措施。这些举措的实施既是可控时空条件下基于对新冠病毒病理根据和发生规律的逐步认识所采取的紧急应对方案,也反映出特殊时期非常举措的非常规性、例外性与灵活性。应对和防范新冠肺炎疫情,除了医学,法律、法学、法治亦具有举足轻重的作用,不仅大有可为,也必须有所作为。刑法,作为整个法律体系中的第二道保护防线,也是最后一道保护防线,扮演着后置法、保障法的角色,起着补充法的作用,在疫情防控特殊背景下需要因时而动、应势而为,切实依法及时、从严惩治妨害疫情防控的各类违法犯罪,努力为坚决打赢疫情防控阻击战提供有力法治保障。然而,需要注意的是,刑法乃国之重器,用之不当则导致国家与被告人两方不利,特殊时期、非常事态情境下“高亮凸显”压倒一切的防控疫情最高要求,可能引发刑事法治和紧急事态的冲突,产生刑事司法犯罪化、刑法打击面泛滥、刑罚圈恶性膨胀、侵犯人权等担忧和疑虑。这不仅是人之常情的现实顾虑,也检验着法治面临重大议题时的立场选择与根本态度,法治尤其是刑法面临紧急事态下道德压力、舆论压力、政治责任、防控现实需求、保持底色与原则的多重撕扯,其所需经历的考验可见一斑。故此,需要关注和深入思考刑法在新冠肺炎疫情防控中的合理定位,特别是在维护公共安全和卫生防疫抗疫社会管理秩序等具有公共性、抽象性法益背景下,因应风险社会背景的风险刑法理论,涉疫情防控刑事犯罪的刑事政策、刑法解释与刑事司法适用,就显得尤为重要、严格、克制和谨慎。这是兼顾维护刑法权威、打击震慑犯罪和有力保障人权、维护公平正义的内在要求,需要结合疫情防控现实情境予以具体分析,以期获得合法合理、契合人性的解释结论和司法裁判结果。这既涉及刑事政策、刑法理念、刑法解释与刑法规范的互动关系把握,特别是宏观层面如何理解和把握依法从严从重打击涉疫情防控犯罪的刑事政策与宽严相济刑事政策的关系,如何通过刑事政策合理妥适地渗入刑法特别是准确指导刑事司法实践,如何协调、化解从严从重打击涉疫情防控犯罪与坚持罪刑法定原则、保障人权原则的隐性冲突,也涉及微观层面涉疫情防控犯罪的刑法解释理念、解释立场与解释方法的选择问题。尤其是在疫情防控这一特殊背景下,如何把握涉疫情防控犯罪罪名的保护对象、法益性质定位及其在具体个案中的解释取向、利益衡量与价值位阶判断、解释方法权衡,是值得关注和深入思考的问题。

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