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2011年江西省高考英语新题型

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  2011年江西高考英语新题型是一道改良版的山东阅读表达题。此类题型相比传统的阅读理解题更具综合性和主观性。它对学生的要求更高,难度更大,更能体现学生的综合语言运用能力。现将解题的方法与技巧归纳如下。
  1概括文章大意题
  常见题型为:拟出文章的最佳标题(title)或是概括文章的中心思想(main idea)。
  找出文章主题的解题技巧:
  ①寻找主题句,确定文章主题
  在阅读说明文和议论文时,我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳文章的主题,因此仔细阅读文章和段落的首尾句是关键。一般我们采用的是浏览法 (skimming),即只需选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句来重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
  ②抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想
  在这个过程中,我们应观察全文的结构安排,理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”,考虑文章的组织材料及支持性细节,分析故事的发展结局,最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。
  ③抓住文章主线和关键词语,归纳文章中心
  不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章,我们就必须先弄清楚该段落讲了几个方面的主要内容,然后分析这些内容在逻辑上的联系,最后加以归纳形成主题。
  拟定文章标题注意事项:
  检查拟定标题的这句话或短语是否和文章主题有密切联系。
  检查拟定的标题是否能够概括整篇文章。每道题都有相应的得分点,所以概括起来必须涵盖主要得分点。
  要注意题目不宜过大(太笼统)或是过小(太绝对),同时还要避免以下三种错误:概括不够(部分代整体从而导致范围太小)、过度概括(人为扩大范围)、用事实或细节替代抽象概括的大意。
  检查拟定的标题是否符合标题的基本拟定方式,即以话题为核心,将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩起来。
  【例1】某一文章的中心句子为:Coffee is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world.
  话题:Coffee
  控制性概念:is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world
  标题:Coffee Around the World
  得分点是:Coffee 和Around the World
  【例2】考试说明样题里的第一段:
  One out of many important things for the whole family to do is to have dinner together. Researchers began reporting the benefits of family dinner about a decade ago, focusing mainly on how it affects children. Studies show that those families who eat dinner at least 3 or 4 times a week together, benefit in many ways.
  话题:family dinner together
  控制性概念:benefit in many ways
  文章大意:Having (family) dinner together is beneficial to families,或 Families benefit from eating together.
  得分点是:family dinner together和benefit
  2短文转述填空题
  此类题目难度较大,重点在于所填词句与原形相比在表达方式上发生了变化。常见的表达方式转换大致如下:
  ①同义表达
  a lot of = lots of
  in the USA= in the United States of America
  in the 1990s = in the nineties of the twentieth century
  from 1980 to 2010 = between (the year of) 1980 and 2010
  from 2001 to 2011 = over a period of ten years
  ②句式变换
  A.根据句子功能将陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句两两互换
  B.根据语态将主动句和被动句互为转换
  C.根据句子结构将长难句和简单句互为转换或将单句与复合句互换
  result in great tension = cause great tension
  cotton consumption in Britain = cotton consumed in Britain
  D.根据句子的性质将肯定句改为否定表达
  have no access to the Internet = the Internet isn’t available
  ③细化描述
  in the three countries = in the UK, USA and Russia
  Everyone was overjoyed at the sight of his coming. = Everyone was overjoyed when he came.
  3补全文章中空缺的句子
  常见形式:Please fill in the blank in the passage with proper words or phrases.
  在弄清楚语境和上下文逻辑关系的基础上,再根据上下文的含义猜测出空白处填的是句子还是短语或是单词,再还原到文章中看看是否通顺合理,最后确定答案。
  上下文之间的逻辑关系通常有下列九种:
  A.同位关系(并列关系):and, also, likewise, similarly, too, either... or, neither... nor, not...but...
  B.递进关系:then, besides, in addition, what is more, moreover, further
  C.对比关系(转折关系):but, however, nevertheless, in any case, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, conversely, on the other hand
  D.因果关系:because, since, as, now that, so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result
  E.让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
  F.时间关系:when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once
  G.条件关系:if, suppose(that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as)long as, so far, on condition(that), provided(that), providing(that), without
  H.表示目的(意图):to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, as
  I.解释与被解释关系:is, that, that is to say, means, the meaning is(that)...
  解题注意事项:
  答案字数绝不能超过限定数但也不能太少。如果答案要求十个词,至少要填上六、七个词。
  注意补全空缺的句子与上下文的语法结构和逻辑关系。
  答题后检查答案能否恢复作者原本想表达的思想、内容或意图。
  【例3】考试说明样题中第3小题:
  Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words (no more than 8 words).
  if there is too much arguing going on, if there is no meaningful conversation or, what is even worse, if there is just plain silence during gathering.
  ⑴首先确定填进去的是个主句而不是短语,因为空格后连接着几个if引导的条件句。
   ⑵横线后面显示出:风平浪静的聚会,没有讨论,没有创造意义的谈话,就会成为死水一潭。与上面前几段相比作者显然是在说些家庭聚餐的弊端。这时再结合本段的前两句“However, family researchers say that the benefits of family dinner by no means can be considered as automatic. Parents can sit down to dinner with their kids every day and achieve nothing”.由此我们可以得出答案:Family dinners / together can not (may not ) have benefit (good).
  4指代关系的确认题
  常见形式:What does the word “it” (line 5, paragraph 3) probably refer to? (no more than 3 words)”,指代词通常有we, you, he, she, that, it, this, they, them, one, so等。
  扣紧上下文语境理清指代词的指代义步骤:
  ①逐步梳理,按照先近后远,先句内后句群、语段乃至全文的顺序。
  ②逐层解析,先定位指代词,然后确定指代对象的容量,最后将搜索到的指代对象代入试读,看语意是否畅通。
  5短文信息归纳表达题
  短文信息归纳表达类问题方式包括封闭性问题和开放性问题。
  封闭性问题:答案是固定或唯一的问题,一般可以在文章中找到明确的答案或依据。常见的提问方式有:
  What cause...?
  What does the writer really mean by saying...?
  Why does the author mention...?
  What are the reasons why...?
  Which is the result of...?
  Where in the passage does the author describe...?
  开放性问题:阅读表达中主观性最强的试题,解答比较容易。要根据文章提供的线索,调动自己所学的综合英语知识,结合个人的观点、经验选择较容易回答的点回答相关问题。这类题会有字数要求,回答必须完整。常见的提问方式有:
  What would you do if you were...?
  What other suggestions would you give?
  How would you settle the problem if you were...?
  做题时我们应先明确问题的意思,然后利用问句中的关键词定位原文。即按照题意进行寻读,找到文中的重要事实或细节。回答应有针对性,紧扣题目,尽量使用文中的语言进行回答。语言既要完整又要简洁,注意不要超过要求字数。
  6其他类型题
  江西英语考试说明中有规定:必要时可根据文章的题材和体裁设置除以上5种类型以外的类型题。比如设计图表题,推理判断题等。问题的顺序也会结合问题所问的信息点在文章中出现的顺序进行排列。
  (作者单位:江西省万安中学)

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