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“What ”的正与误

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  摘 要: “What”一词的用法在高考中高频度涉及,也是英语听说读写中一个很常用的词。但由于中英文习惯用法的差异,导致中学生对“what”一词的用法易出现错误,通过对学生错题集的批阅和整理,归纳出几种常见的“what”误用的情况。据此,可以在教学中对学生进行针对性训练,掌握“what”一词的正确用法。
  关键词:英语教学 “what” 用词法
  《普通高中英语课程标准》中对中学生“语言能力目标”的要求是:“具有一定的语言意识和英语语感,在常见的具体语境中整合性地运用已有语言知识。有效地使用口语和书面语表达意义和进行人际交流。” 为达到此目的,避免汉语思维的影响,我通过对学生错题集的批阅和整理,归纳了几种中学生对“What”一词的误用情况。
  一、学生误用how much、how many代替what 来问事物的 “价格﹑度量﹑距离、速度、人口﹑面积﹑门牌(汽车﹑电话等)号码等”
  例如:What’s the distance from A to B?  What’s her telephone (car、room)number? What’s the length(width﹑depth)of the river ? What is the speed of the bus?What’s the cost(price)of the gold ring ?  What’s the population(area)of India?
  二、汉语表达“怎么样”,英语用“What”,而学生根据汉语思维误用为“How”的五种情况
  1.“What do you think of …?”用于询问对方对……的看法或评价,这是固定搭配,不能改为“How do you think of …?”。但我们可以说:How do you find … ?或How do you like …? 例如:What do you think of the book ?或 How do you like the book?或How do you find the book?
  2. “What is …like?”的两种含义。
  (1)表示“情况怎样”,多指天气或气候。例如:What was the weather like yesterday ?或 How was the weather yesterday?
  (2)表示“像什么样,什么模样,怎样的” 指人或事物。例如:
  What is the new school like ? It’s very beautiful. What is your new English teacher like?She is very kind but strict .
  “What is…like?”通常用于對某人、某地和某物的实际情况提问,包括对其内在的品质或外在的特征(或持久的特征)提问。而“How is …?”可以用来询问变化的事物,如暂时的情况,情绪等,还常用来问候别人的健康。如:How is your study these days?How’s she? Fine.
  3. what 与do with连用,意为“(怎样)处理﹑安排或对付等”。很多学生根据汉语意思,将What误用为How 例如:What will you do with the old car ?或How will you deal with the old car?
  4. What if …?What will or would happen if …?如果(假如)…将会怎么样?例如:What if he will not come here on time ? What if a heavy rain should come up?
  5. What’s the matter with….? 这一结构中,“What”充当主语,学生也易误用。例如:I don’t know what’s the matter with him. 不是I don’t know what the matter with him is.
  三、名词性从句中what的误用情况
  1. 表示“……的地方”, 学生根据汉语意思误用为“where”。例如:What is now our school was once an old factory.
  然而在这个句子中:You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree. 学生又会将where 误用为what 。“where I disagree”这里是一个表语从句, where在表语从句中充当状语。disagree是一个不及物动词,不能接宾语,因此不能用what。
  2. 表示“……的时间”;学生易误用为:when。如:After what seemed like hours they came out with some books in their hands .
  3. what相当于“the thing that…… ”。学生根据汉语意思误用为“that\which ”。例如:What surprised me most was what he said to his teacher.
  如此,充分利用学生作业、测试中的“what”相关错题,归纳总结出这样一些常见错误,然后进行针对性训练,不断地复习归纳,必将使学生犯此类错误的情况大大减少,从而避免汉语思维的影响,让学生真正能“有效地使用英语口语和书面语表达意义和进行人际交流”。
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