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高密度脂蛋白亚型与心脑血管病发生风险相关性的Meta分析

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  [摘要]目的 系統评价高密度脂蛋白(HDL)亚型与心脑血管病发病风险的相关性。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)从建库至2019年7月有关HDL亚型与心脑血管病关系的文献。严格按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献和提取资料。采用stata 12.0及Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 磁共振法分类的HDL颗粒(HDLp)[RR=0.82,95%CI(0.77,0.87),P<0.000 01]及其亚型较HDL胆固醇(HDL-C)[RR=0.93,95%CI(0.87,1.00),P=0.05]能更好地反映与心脑血管病的相关性;对不同结局事件进行分析,HDL-C[RR=0.96,95%CI(0.91,1.01),P=0.16],HDLp[RR=0.97,95%CI(0.82,1.15),P=0.74]及其亚型与脑卒中无明显相关性。超速离心法所分类的HDL2[RR=0.95,95%CI(0.87,1.04),P=0.27]及HDL3[RR=0.89,95%CI(0.79,1.01),P=0.06]与冠心病发生风险无明显相关性。结论 磁共振法所分得HDLp及其亚型较HDL-C能更好地反映冠心病发生风险,HDL-C、HDLp及HDLp亚型均与脑卒中无明显相关性。超速离心法分类的HDL亚型不能很好地反映冠心病发生风险。
  [关键词]高密度脂蛋白亚型;心脑血管病;冠心病;脑卒中;Meta分析
  [中图分类号] R541.7          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)2(a)-0014-05
  Meta-analysis of the correlation between high-density lipoprotein subfractions and the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases
  LI Qing-sheng   WANG Jin-lan▲   ZHANG Jun-jun
  Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, He′nan Province, Zhengzhou   450003, China
  [Abstract] Objective To systematically evaluate the correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Methods The literatures related to the relationship between HDL subfractions and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases published on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) from the establishment of the database to July 2019 were searched. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed. The stata 12.0 and Review Manager 5.3 software were used for Meta-analysis. Results HDL particle (HDLp) (RR=0.82, 95%CI [0.77, 0.87], P<0.000 01) and its subfractions defined by nuclear magnetic resonance were shown superior correlation with cardio-cerebrovascular disease to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (RR=0.93, 95%CI [0.87, 1.00], P=0.05). Within each individual ending events, HDL-C (RR=0.96, 95%CI [0.91, 1.01], P=0.16), HDLp (RR=0.97, 95%CI [0.82,1.15], P=0.74) and its subfractions showed no correlation with the incidence of stroke. No correlation was observed between coronary artery disease and HDL2 (RR=0.95, 95%CI [0.87, 1.04], P=0.27) or HDL3 (RR=0.89, 95%CI [0.79, 1.01], P=0.06) defined by ultracentrifugation. Conclusion HDLp and its subfractions defined by nuclear magnetic resonance are better indicators for risk of coronary artery diseases than HDL-C. There are no associations between HDL-C, HDLp and HDLp subfractions and stroke. HDL subfractions defined by ultracentrifugation are not good predictors of the risk of coronary artery diseases.   [Key words] High-density lipoprotein subfractions; Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases; Coronary heart disease; Stroke; Meta-analysis
  相关研究证实,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDLC)与冠心病的发生成负相关[1]。所以一直以来人们认为高HDLC可降低心脑血管病(cardio-cerebrovascular diseases,CCVD)的发病风险。而近期的研究则反映出单纯升高HDL-C,并不能降低心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)的发病风险[2]。这些研究提示,单纯以HDL-C的水平高低判断CCVD发生风险不够全面及客观,需要进一步了解HDL的分型、结构及功能。本研究对纳入的高质量队列研究及病例对照研究进行Meta分析,以探讨HDL亚型与CCVD发病风险的相关性。
  1资料与方法
  1.1文献检索
  系统检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)从建库至2019年7月有关HDL亚型与CCVD关系的所有文献。英文检索词:stroke,brain ischemic,cerebral Infarction,thrombosis,brain,brain emboli,myocardial infarction,heart attack,lipoprotein subfraction,lipoprotein particle,HDL2、HDL3,small HDL,large HDL,medium HDL,HDL subfraction。中文檢索词:脑卒中、脑梗死、冠心病、心肌梗死、脂蛋白亚型、脂蛋白亚类、脂蛋白亚组、脂蛋白颗粒、HDL颗粒(HDLp)。
  1.2纳入及排除标准
  纳入标准:①已发表的有关HDL亚型及CCVD相关性的队列研究和巢式病例对照研究;②结局事件包括脑卒中、冠心病及相关死亡事件,且提供HDL亚型与心脑血管事件关系的OR、HR值及其95%CI。
  排除标准:①未对HDL亚型及CCVD相关性进行评估;②会议摘要、个案报道、综述、Meta分析及非队列或病例对照研究;③重复发表的文献。
  1.3文献筛选与资料提取
  由两名研究者独立检索上述数据库,阅读题目及摘要,必要时阅读全文,严格按照纳入与排除标准对文献进行筛选,针对存在争议的文献通过与第三名研究者协议解决,采用预先设计的表格由两名研究者独立提取相关数据:第一作者及发表年份、平均年龄、样本量、性别、地区、随访时间、分型方法、HDL亚型、CCVD事件例数、结局指标。
  1.4文献质量评价
  由两名研究者按照纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(Newcastle-Ottawa scale,NOS)的星级系统半量化原则独立地对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价。队列研究从队列选择、暴露组与非暴露组的可比性及结局评估3个方面进行评分,病例对照研究从病例及对照的选择、可比性及暴露评估3个方面进行评分,评分≥6分视为高质量文献。
  1.5统计学方法
  应用stata 12.0及Review Manager 5.3进行统计学分析。本次Meta分析的各个研究效应值采用多因素调整后的每增加单位标准差HDL浓度对应的HR及OR值,将HR或OR近似为RR。采用I2进行异质性分析,I2<50%判定为较低异质性,采用固定效应模型,反之则采用随机效应模型。计算合并后的RR及95%CI,并制作森林图。若异质性较高,应用敏感性分析探索异质性来源。采用Egger检验分析是否存在发表偏倚,P>0.1表明不存在明显的发表偏倚。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2结果
  2.1文献基本情况
  文献检索及筛选结果初得到相关文献1032篇,排除重复文献后剩余801篇,通过阅读题目及摘要排除无关文献722篇,对剩余79篇阅读全文,依照纳入与排除标准,最终纳入13篇[3-15],具体筛选流程见图1。
  2.2纳入文献的基本特征及质量评价
  纳入的13篇文献[3-15],其中采用磁共振法(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)分类HDL亚型的文献10篇[3-12],累积样本量80 981例,CCVD发生共7893例;采用超速离心法分类HDL的文献3篇[13-15]涉及4项研究,累积样本量8484例,冠心病发生共900例。14项文献的NOS评分在6~9分,具体见表1。
  2.3 NMR分类HDL亚型与CCVD、不同结局事件关系的Meta分析
  2.3.1 NMR分类HDL亚型与CCVD关系的Meta分析  先选择研究中报道的CCVD对应RR[5,8-9],若未报道CCVD则选用冠心病[4,6-7,10-12],再次选择脑卒中[3],结果NMR测得HDLp及大、中、小HDLp均与CCVD风险成负相关[RR=0.82,95%CI(0.77,0.87),P<0.000 01;RR=0.89,95%CI(0.86,0.93),P<0.000 01;RR=0.86,95%CI(0.80,0.92),P<0.0001;RR=0.92,95%CI(0.86,0.98),P=0.01]。HDL-C与CCVD无明显相关性[RR=0.93,95%CI(0.87,1.00),P=0.05](图2)。结果均无明显发表偏倚。敏感性分析结果提示,各个亚型剔除单个研究后各合并RR值与总合并RR值无明显差异,提示研究结果较稳健。   2.3.2 NMR分類HDL分型与不同结局事件关系的Meta分析
  对结局为脑卒中事件的研究[3,7,9,12]进行Meta分析,结果显示,HDL-C、HDLp及大、中、小HDLp均与脑卒中风险无明显相关性[RR=0.96,95%CI(0.91,1.01),P=0.16;RR=0.97,95%CI(0.82,1.15),P=0.74;RR=0.92,95%CI(0.70,1.22),P=0.58;RR=1.01,95%CI(0.93,1.09),P=0.90;RR=1.00,95%CI(0.84,1.19),P=1.00]。对报道冠心病事件的研究[4,6-7,9-12]进行Meta分析,结果显示,HDL-C、HDLp及大、中、小HDLp均与冠心病风险成负相关[RR=0.90,95%CI(0.87,0.94),P<0.0001;RR=0.87,95%CI(0.84,0.90),P<0.0001;RR=0.88,95%CI(0.81,0.97),P=0.01;RR=0.88,95%CI(0.84,0.91),P<0.0001;RR=0.92,95%CI(0.86,0.98),P=0.02](表2)。
  2.4超速离心法分类HDL亚型与CCVD关系的Meta分析
  对采用超速离心方法分型HDL亚型的研究[13-15]进行Meta分析,结果显示,HDL-C与冠心病发生风险成负相关性[RR=0.88,95%CI(0.78,1.00),P=0.04]。而HDL2及HDL3与冠心病发生风险无明显相关性[RR=0.95,95%CI(0.87,1.04),P=0.27;RR=0.89,95%CI(0.79,1.01),P=0.06](图3)。
  3讨论
  目前用于分类HDL亚型的方法主要有4类:第一类是超速离心法,将HDL分为疏松而富含脂质的HDL2及密集而富含蛋白HDL3[16];第二类是非变性梯度凝胶电泳,将HDL分为大切富含胆固醇及三酰甘油的HDL颗粒(α1、α2、preα1、preα2)及小切脂含量较少HDL颗粒(preβ1、α3)[17];第三类是线性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,将HDL分为大、中、小HDL-C[18];第四类是核磁光谱分析法,将HDL分为HDLp及大、中、小HDLp[19]。
  本研究经过分析,超速离心法所得HDL2及HDL3并不能很好地替代传统方法测得的HDL-C用以预测冠心病的风险。NMR分离的HDLp及大、中、小HDLp亚型均与CCVD的发生成负相关(P<0.05),其较HDL-C能更好地预测心脑血管不良事件的发生。非变性梯度凝胶电泳及线性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳与CCVD的相关研究较少,本次研究未对这两种方法进行分析。
  NMR是根据脂蛋白中不同的成分中甲基所释放出不同核磁波谱信号对脂蛋白进行分类。相较传统方法及超速离心法其可将脂质与蛋白质分离开来,并根据此将脂蛋白胆固醇分成数百种不同的亚型[12]。可能因此其测得的HDL颗粒与CCVD的负相关性更强。
  通过对结局事件为脑卒中及冠心病所对应研究分别进行Meta分析,结果提示,HDL-C及HDLp及其亚型与脑卒中的发生均无明显相关性(P>0.05),这与之前研究的结果相符[20],相反也有研究证明高HDL-C水平可降低卒中的发生风险[21]。这也再次说明了HDL结构及功能的复杂多样,目前已在HDL-C中发现225种蛋白成分[22],包括载脂蛋白、酶类、脂质转移蛋白、急性期反应蛋白、补体成分、蛋白酶抑制剂和其他蛋白质,这些蛋白质功能各异,今后对HDL-C的研究应更加细致。
  综上所述,本研究纳入的13篇文献,质量较高,且无明显发表偏倚,结合敏感性分析,研究结果可信度较高。超速离心法分型的HDL亚型不能很好地反映冠心病的风险,NMR所分得HDLp及其亚型较HDL-C能更好反映冠心病风险,HDL-C、HDLp及其亚型均与脑卒中无明显相关性。今后需要更多的研究来分析HDL亚型。胆固醇含量。颗粒大小及数目对CCVD的影响,今后相关的研究可将脑卒中及冠心病分别进行统计。
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  (收稿日期:2019-10-12  本文編辑:任秀兰)
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