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睡眠呼吸障碍对儿童选择性注意功能的影响

来源:用户上传      作者:郑雅玲 许志飞 罗艳琳

   【摘要】 目的:探讨睡眠呼吸障碍(sleep disordered breathing,SDB)对儿童选择性注意功能的影响。方法:选取7~12岁SDB患儿75例,行多导睡眠图监测(polysomnogram,PSG)。根据PSG结果分为原发性打鼾组(primary snoring,PS组,n=42)和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS组,n=33)。选取同年龄段无打鼾儿童为对照组(n=48)。受试者均进行注意功能测试。结果:图形分辨实验中,PS组和OSAS组反应时均长于对照组(P<0.05),PS组正确率低于对照组(P<0.05);位置判断实验中,PS组、OSAS组反应时均长于对照组(P<0.05),三组正确率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:PS和OSAS均可损害儿童的选择性注意功能,即使单纯打鼾儿童也可能存在认知功能缺陷,临床上应重视SDB。
   【关键词】 选择性注意功能 睡眠呼吸障碍 儿童
   [Abstract] Objective: To explore the effect of selective attention function in children with varying degrees of sleep disordered breathing. Method: A total of 75 children with SDB aged from 7-12 years old, they were given polysomnogram (PSG), according to the results of PSG they were divided into primary snoring group (PS group, n=42) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome group (OSAS group, n=33). 48 aged-matched, asymptomatic and non-snoring children came from a primary school were selected randomly as the control group. All of the subjects underwent attention test. Result: In test of graphic resolution, the reaction times of OSAS group and PS group were higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The accuracy of PS group was lower than that of control group (P<0.05). In test of position judgment, the reaction times of OSAS group and PS group were higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The accuracy difference of three groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Attention function difficulties are present in children with PS as well as OSAS. Children with snoring may have cognitive impairment, SDB should be paid more attention in clinic.[Key words] Selective attention function Sleep disordered breathing ChildrenFirst-author’s address: Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
  
   睡眠呼吸障礙(sleep disordered breathing,SDB)主要包括原发性打鼾(primary snoring,PS)和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS),通常与腺样体及扁桃体肥大、肥胖等有关。国外文献[1-2]报道,儿童PS发病率为1.5%~27.6%,OSAS发病率为1.2%~5.7%。在我国八个城市的20 152名5.08~11.99岁儿童进行的流行病学调查显示习惯性打鼾的发生率为12.0%[3]。另外一项大样本调查显示,小学生习惯性打鼾的发生率为7.2%[4]。国内外研究证实,SDB影响儿童认知功能及行为表现[5-6],导致多种认知功能缺陷,主要表现为注意、工作记忆等[7-8]。注意功能是人类认知功能重要的一部分,与智力、记忆力、学业成就之间有着非常紧密的联系,目前有不少文献报道SDB患儿存在注意力不集中、多动等[9-10]。根据父母问卷调查报告显示,OSAS及打鼾儿童与对照组相比存在更高的注意缺陷风险,在腺扁桃体切除后注意功能较前好转[11]。因此本研究通过计算机编程的神经心理测验对SDB患儿和正常儿童注意功能进行测试,探讨SDB对儿童注意功能是否存在影响。现报道如下。
  1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料 选取2013年7月-2014年7月由呼吸专科医生诊断为SDB并至首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院睡眠中心进行多导睡眠监测的7~12岁患儿共75例为试验组,平均年龄(9.17±1.89)岁。纳入标准:睡眠时打鼾>3晚/周,病程持续时间>6个月,夜间睡眠过程中伴有张口呼吸、呼吸困难甚至呼吸暂停;均为首诊患者,未经任何特殊治疗;经耳鼻喉专科医生确诊为扁桃体和/或腺样体不同程度的肥大。排除标准:伴其他神经系统疾病,如癫痫、脑瘫、颅外伤等;伴慢性间质性肺炎、心脏疾病病史、血液系统疾病及肾病等;伴注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)及其他明显视、听、运动缺陷、情感障碍、社会适应不良和躯体、精神疾病等。同时期根据年龄和性别匹配原则随机从本市某小学选取无打鼾的48例健康儿童作为对照组,平均年龄(9.65±1.62)岁。本研究已经医院伦理学委员会批准,研究对象监护人均知情同意。   1.2 方法
  1.2.1 多导睡眠监测 采用美国伟康Alice5多导睡眠监测系统对试验组患儿于夜间进行持续至少7 h的睡眠监测。根据PSG监测结果将试验组患儿分为PS组和OSAS组。诊断标准参考国内公认的2007年《儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案(乌鲁木齐)》[12]:整夜睡眠监测记录到的呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)>5次/h为异常,阻塞性呼吸暂停指数(OAI)>1次/h为异常;低氧血症:最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)<92%。符合以上两条或两条以上者诊断为OSAS,未达到OSAS诊断标准的不伴有低氧血症的打鼾则诊断为PS。
  1.2.2 注意功能测试 共2个测试,即图形分辨实验与位置判断实验。测试完毕,软件可自动记录被试者每次的反应情况。(1)图形分辨实验:实验刺激为由一个大圆和一个小的几何图形构成的图片,实验过程每个大圆正中央始终呈现一个“+”,刺激的几何图形分别位于“+”的正上方、正下方、正左方、正右方四个方位。实验开始时,在计算机屏幕中央呈现注视点“+”500 ms,注视点消失后在屏幕中心呈现实验刺激图片3 000 ms,所呈现的小几何图形为三角形按左键,不是则按右键。如果被试者在3 000 ms内未做出按键反应,该次试验项目计为错误,程序自动进入下一项目。计算机自动记录被试每个方位的反应时和正确数。(2)位置判断实验:实验刺激材料同图形分辨实验。要求被试快速判断小的几何图形位置,如果在大圆的内侧,按左键;在外侧则按右键。如果被试者在3 000 ms内未做出按键反应,该次实验项目计为错误,程序自动进入下一个。
  1.3 观察指标 比较各组各实验反应时和正确率。
  1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 20.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用方差分析,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 三組一般资料比较 三组年龄、男女性别构成比、城市/农村来源比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
  2.2 注意功能测试结果比较
  2.2.1 三组图形分辨实验及位置判断实验反应时比较 图形分辨实验中,PS组和OSAS组反应时均长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),三组各反应时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。位置判断实验,PS组反应时长于对照组(P<0.05),OSAS组仅在位置“上”反应时长于对照组(P<0.05),三组各反应时比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。
  2.2.2 三组图形分辨实验及位置判断实验正确率比较 三组图形分辨实验在位置“上”的正确率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),PS组在位置“上”的正确率低于对照组(P<0.05),见表4。三组位置判断试验正确率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表5。
  3 讨论
   许多研究已证实,PS和OSAS患儿均存在注意功能缺陷[9-11,13-16]。本研究采用计算机辅助编程的神经心理测验,患儿配合好,测量更精确,提高了检测的准确性和敏感性。笔者初步推断,SDB患儿具有选择性注意功能缺陷。众所周知,ADHD儿童存在注意功能障碍,其注意抑制能力均弱于正常儿童[17]。且ADHD儿童比正常儿童发生习惯性打鼾的概率高出3倍,SDB通过影响注意功能而导致儿童ADHD的发生[18]。关于SDB影响儿童注意功能今后研究可设计敏感性和特异性更强的实验范式进行深入探讨。文献[19-20]发现,PS患儿在学习测验中表现明显差于OSAS患儿及对照组儿童。注意是认知功能的基础,对于学龄期儿童,良好的注意力是其顺利完成学业的重要条件。SDB患儿由于存在注意功能缺陷,使得他们在学习过程中不能像正常儿童一样专心致志,注意的持续时间短、好动、容易分心,而这些问题又会加深他们的学业困难,影响学习成绩,从而形成恶性循环。综上所述,OSAS与PS均会引起儿童注意功能缺陷,仅患有单纯性打鼾的儿童亦应引起临床医生和家长的重视,应及早综合多导睡眠监测及有无全身其他系统并发症如注意功能障碍等情况做出准确诊断,制定合理的个体化治疗方案。
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  (收稿日期:2019-08-23) (本文编辑:程旭然)
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