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机械臂初始位置误差的容错运动规划

来源:用户上传      作者:李克讷 杨津 徐剑琴 罗家维

  摘 要:针对机械臂在执行任务过程中末端执行器的实际与期望的初始位置存在误差的问题,提出一种基于二次型规划的容错型运动规划方案,用于减小机械臂在执行轨迹跟踪任务时初始位置误差对任务执行精度的影响。采用神经动力学方法,把位置误差转换为机械臂末端运动速度,并在速度层上对机械臂进行建模。使用一种基于线性变分不等式的原对偶神经网络求解器,对提出的二次型规划方案进行实时求解。平面二连杆机械臂的仿真结果证明了初始位置误差呈指数收敛趋于0,验证了该容错方案的有效性。
  关键词:运动规划;二次型规划;初始位置误差;神经网络
  DOI:10.15938/j.jhust.2020.01.014
  中图分类号: TP24
  文献标志码: A
  文章编号: 1007-2683(2020)01-0093-07
  Abstract:In the robotic application, the error would exist between the actual and desired initial positions of the end-effectorIn this paper, a fault-tolerant motion planning scheme was proposed based on quadratic programming to reduce the initial position error and improve the tracking accuracy during the end-effector executing the taskBy using the neural-dynamics method, an error-eliminating velocity was designed based on the real-time position error, and was incorporated into the end-effector velocity together with the task desired velocityFurthermore,a primal-dual neural network solver based on linear variational inequalities was used to solve the proposed quadratic programming scheme in real-time-TheMATLAB simulationresults of a two-degree-of-freedom planar manipulator demonstratethat the initial position error is exponential convergent to 0, and the fault-tolerance scheme is effective-Keywords:motion planning; quadratic programming; initial position error; neural network
  0 前 言
  机械臂由于其工作效率高、重复精度好、可以代替人类在危险环境下工作等特点,被广泛应用于农业、制造业、服务业等多个领域[1-5]。机械臂的运动学解析问题是机器人研究中最基本的问题之一,在近几十年中得到了国内外学者的广泛关注[6]。基于雅克比矩阵求逆的方法经常被用来规划机械臂的运动,这一方法虽然能够进行实时计算,但是该方法需要对矩阵进行求逆运算,计算较为复杂[5-8]。
  由于机械臂工作的环境比较复杂,在实际应用中,可能会由于温度变化、D-H参数误差、传感器误差等因素的影响,导致机械臂在进行初始状态调整时,末端执行器的初始位置与在执行轨迹跟踪任务时期望的初始位置之间存在误差[9,10]。此外,这一误差会随着机械臂的长期工作和磨损而逐渐增大[11]。如果没有及时对该误差进行有效的控制和减小,那么该误差会存在于整个任务的执行过程中,影响任务的执行精度。因此,如何有效减小初始位置误差是机械臂进行运动规划中需要考虑的重要问题。就作者所知,目前对于这一问题的研究较少。有学者提出了一种可用来进行机器人位姿误差补偿的差值算法,但该方法计算较为繁琐且不能实现误差的在线补偿[12]。文献[13]中提出利用激光跟踪仪测量机器人位姿,并构建闭环控制系统对机器人位姿误差进行在线补偿,该方法需要进行多次在线补偿,且能达到的精度不高。还有学者利用微小位移合成法建立机器人的位置误差模型,提出利用雅克比矩阵将末端运动轨迹误差转换为关节角修正量的算法,通过优化关节转角来减小路径跟踪误差[14]。该方法虽然简单且易于理解,但是需要进行矩阵求逆运算,计算复杂,同时难以达到很好的末端作业精度。
  本文就提出的机械臂初始位置误差这一问题,大致分为以下几部分来探讨其容错规划方案。首先,基于神经动力学方法把位置误差转换为机械臂末端运动速度,对容错方案进行相应的数学描述。第二,建立基于二次型的解析方案,在速度层上对机械臂的逆运动学问题进行求解。第三,通过构造基于线性变分不等式的原对偶神经网络对上述的二次型解析方案进行实时求解。最后以二连杆机械臂为例对该方案进行MATLAB仿真,探讨该容错方案对于消除初始位置误差的可行性和有效性。
  1 初始位置误差的容错方案描述
  4 结 论
  本文针对二连杆机械臂在执行轨迹跟踪任务时可能出现的初始位置误差这一问题,提出了一种基于二次型规划的容错解析方案,该方案利用基于线性变分不等式的原对偶神经网络求解器进行求解。除此之外,该方案中没有进行矩阵的求逆运算,降低了计算的难度,同时原对偶神经网络也能够满足实時求解的要求。仿真结果表明,机械臂在存在初始位置误差的情况下也能够很好地完成轨迹跟踪任务。在往后的研究中,可以将该方法扩展到冗余度机械臂执行多任务的运动规划中,进一步提高算法的有效性和实用性。   参 考 文 献:
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  (編辑:温泽宇)
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