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三阴乳腺癌分型及其药物治疗

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  摘要:乳腺癌是女性最常见的癌症之一,其中三阴乳腺癌(TNBC)作为其特殊亚型,具有发病年龄早、复发率高、早期转移率高、侵袭性强、预后差等特点,由于缺乏相应的雌、孕激素受体及明确的分子靶点,传统的内分泌及靶向治疗对其均不敏感,引起全球学者越来越多的关注。随着一些药物作用靶点的发现,结合三阴乳腺癌的高免疫原性及特殊的生物学异质性,免疫治疗及新型靶向治疗前景可观。本文就TNBC分型及药物治疗作一综述,以期为TNBC患者临床治疗提供参考。
  关键词:三阴乳腺癌;亚型;药物治疗;靶向治疗;免疫治疗
  中图分类号:R737.9                                  文献标识码:A                                DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.05.013
  文章编号:1006-1959(2020)05-0040-05
  Abstract:Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Among them, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a special subtype of breast cancer. Corresponding estrogen and progesterone receptors and clear molecular targets, traditional endocrine and targeted therapies are not sensitive to it, causing more and more attention from scholars worldwide. With the discovery of some drug action targets, combined with the high immunogenicity and special biological heterogeneity of triple negative breast cancer, immunotherapy and new targeted therapies have promising prospects. This article reviews the TNBC classification and drug treatment, with a view to providing reference for clinical treatment of TNBC patients.
  Key words:Triple negative breast cancer;Subtype;Drug therapy;Targeted therapy;Immunotherapy
  乳腺癌(breast cancer)是一种异质性疾病,包含不同生物学特性的亚型,有着独特的治疗及预后特点[1]。据全球癌症(GLOBOCAN)统计,2018年约有210万新诊断的女性乳腺癌病人,占妇女癌症病例总数的1/4[2]。乳腺癌已成为全球性健康问题,而三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)亚型约占10%~20%,且与其不良预后等特点相关[3],发病年龄呈年轻化趋势,也是全球导致癌症相关性死亡的主要原因,其在发展中国家的死亡率最高,是女性恶性肿瘤死亡率最高的癌症。TNBC绝大部分属于浸润性导管癌(约占95%),还有少部分属于浸润性小叶癌(<2%)、鳞状细胞化生癌(<1%)、梭形细胞化生癌、腺样囊性癌、典型/不典型髓样癌等[4]。TNBC根据表面分子标志物表达差异细分为各个亚型,各亚型的侵袭性、复发性等特点均有差异,是女性乳腺癌的一种特殊亚型,表现为雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)、人表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,Her2)均呈阴性,好发于brca基因突变者、年轻非裔美国女性,侵袭性较强[5]。目前关于三阴乳腺癌分子基因、发病机制、亚型分类、新型靶点、治疗疗效预测指标等方面的研究逐渐增多,本文就TNBC分型、药物治疗方面作一综述,旨在为临床治疗提供参考依据。
  1 TNBC分型
  TNBC是一种高度异质性疾病,其并非只含有单一的特性,而是由不同组织生物学特点的种群组合而成,最早的系统命名由Lehmann BD等[6]采用DNA测序方法将其分为6种亚型:基底样亚型:BL1、BL2,免疫调节型(MI),间叶细胞型(M),间叶干细胞样型(MSL),腔内雄激素受体(LAR)亚型,其中BL1亚型与DNA损伤修复及细胞周期改变有关,可能对铂类敏感;BL2亚型与生长因子信号通路、糖酵解及糖异生途径有关;M型与MSL型主要与细胞运动与分化、肿瘤干細胞细胞生长因子调节有关,另与上皮细胞向间充质细胞转化(EMT)密切相关,前者对PI3K/mTOR通路抑制剂敏感,后者表现出酪氨酸激酶抑制剂敏感;LAR型表现出对AR抑制剂比卡鲁胺和PI3K抑制剂不同程度的敏感性。免疫调节型的免疫治疗敏感性高,对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂、肿瘤疫苗等表现出更为敏感的特性。Burstein MD等[7]采用DNA、RNA谱重新进行了分类,分别为腔内雄激素受体型、间充质型、基底样免疫抑制型、基底样免疫激活型,其中基底样免疫激活型预后最好,而基底样免疫抑制型预后最差,且TNBC中肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)与预后疗效相关。因此,基底样免疫抑制型及基底样免疫激活型的预后意义受到临床关注,但尚未发现与临床相关的TIL阈值。此外,三阴癌亚型与部分组织学类型关联紧密,且通过单细胞基因组学分析得出,在某些肿瘤灶中常见到多种亚型混合甚至同时出现4种亚型[8],更能说明TNBC的高度异质性,为该病的治疗提出了更精准性及更高的个体化指导指南。   2.2.4其它潜在作用靶点及药物  NOTCH信号参与细胞的增殖分化并调节生长凋亡的平衡,有研究显示[32],约13%的TNBC异种移植模型中,NOTCH 1、2、3相关结构域突变,导致对γ分泌酶抑制剂敏感增加,说明NOTCH信号改变可能影响TNBC亚型的敏感性。JAK2/STAT3也参与TNBC的信号通路,与转录激活蛋白参与信号传导,共同参与细胞的生长存活。Balko JM等[33]对新辅助化疗前后TNBC患者相关基因组拷贝数变化进行分析,结果发现化疗后TNBC患者中的基因组结构仍残留肿瘤耐药细胞,且JAKs扩增在接受新辅助化疗的TNBC患者中较未接受治疗者活跃,可能为TNBC新辅助化疗中用药提供突破点。这些基因改变的数据,也可能间接预测TNBC中标准抗癌治疗的耐药机制。
  2.3新内分泌治疗
  2.3.1雄激素受体AR  雄激素属于类固醇核受体家族成员,与ER、PR类似,在正常乳腺及大部分乳腺癌中均有表达,其中在生殖器官中表达最高。2015年美国ASCO年会上报道的一项Ⅱ期临床研究MDV3100-11确立了AR拮抗剂恩杂鲁胺(ENZA)治疗晚期AR表达阳性TNBC的治疗作用,说明AR抑制剂在AR表达阳性的TNBC治疗中的前景广阔[34]。另有研究证明[35],雄激素联合雌激素拮抗剂比单用他莫昔芬者可以更好的疗效。在TNBC雌激素信号通路中寻找关键靶点,可为临床探寻TNBC的有效靶向治疗提供理论依据。
  2.3.2其他  GnRH是一种能促进肿瘤细胞生长、增殖的激素,GnRH肽类似物能与其受体靶向结合,阻碍下游通路传导,从而显著阻碍TNBC癌细胞生长与转移。其他一些激素受体包括黄体生成素释放激素受体LHRH和生长激素释放激素等可能作为TNBC的潜在靶点,Seitz S等[36]对阿霉素结合的LHRH-激动剂类似物(AEZS-108)的疗效与安全性进行观察,结果显示药物对肿瘤有明显抑制作用,而单独阿霉素治疗的疗效并不显著,提示偶联物结合加强对TNBC具有杀伤作用,但关于相关新型内分泌靶点的还有待进一步研究。
  2.4肿瘤免疫治疗  肿瘤免疫治疗通过调节机体免疫系统,打破免疫抑制从而控制或清除肿瘤。细胞毒性药物治疗后残余的子灶可能随时会发生复发及转移,TNBC的高度异质性及相关基因的多突变性导致抗原活性高及免疫系统活跃,而打破机体肿瘤免疫耐受、激活机体免疫杀伤力是当前TNBC免疫治疗的主要方法。
  2.4.1 TNBC疫苗  树突状细胞(DC)疫苗的强大杀伤力表现为抗原呈递能力激活大量免疫活性T细胞。研究显示[37],采用DC疫苗的HER2阴性患者较对照组肿瘤明显缩小,且pCR明显高于对照组。肿瘤睾丸抗原(CTA)属于免疫原性特异性蛋白,目前研究的蛋白质疫苗主要有HER2、端粒酶逆转录酶等,但研究尚处于临床试验阶段[38],仍需大量研究进一步探索特殊亚型及开发抗癌疫苗。
  2.4.2过继性T细胞  过继性T细胞治疗是将具有抗肿瘤效应的T细胞从患者体内提取到体外培养扩增,再回输至患者体内,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。因其特殊性可以不受免疫逃脱的影响以及传统治疗方式的限制[39],因此成为TNBC的新型免疫治疗希望性较大。
  2.5中医药治疗  在中医学上乳癌属于“乳岩”范畴,病因、病理变化复杂不清,对于TNBC的中医辨证分型尚无统一标准。黄羚等[40]从中医体质学角度将TNBC患者分为气虚型、阴虚型和血瘀型三大类。郑巧等[41]将TNBC患者分为四个证型,在NCCN指南统一的AC化疗方案基础上加用疏肝益肾方,结果显示疏肝益肾方对于不同证型均具有调节作用,且可正向增强免疫抗肿瘤作用,发挥对TNBC患者免疫调控及生活质量的影响。中医治疗讲究辨证治疗及辨证思维,这与肿瘤个体化治疗理念一致,也说明了中医在肿瘤的综合治疗有不可或缺的地位。
  3总结
  TNBC是一种高异质性的恶性肿瘤,其亚型与部分组织学类型关联紧密,随着对不同亚型的臨床病理特征及治疗的研究发现其预后情况存在较大差异。目前TNBC的临床治疗进展迅速,治疗模式已由单一模式逐渐丰走向精准治疗,其中新辅助化疗作为治疗TNBC的主要方法,尤其是早期TNBC患者预后较好;蒽环/紫杉类药物、铂类药物、吉西他滨/卡培他滨药物可缩小病灶,提高药物缓解率,但存在一定局限性;免疫靶向方面,DNA修复通路、PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路、其它潜在作用靶点及药物将在治疗TNBC发挥作用,但作用机制还有待进一步研究;新内分泌治疗及肿瘤免疫治疗也有望成为TNBC的新型免疫治疗方法;中医药在治疗TNBC有其独特优势,采用辨证治疗不同亚型,对改善患者预后具有重要意义。
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  收稿日期:2019-12-05;修回日期:2019-12-12
  编辑/杜帆
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