艾尔姆山别墅
来源:用户上传
作者: 彼阳·哈曼森 李飒爽
设计/Design：
彼阳・哈曼森教授[德国布伦瑞克市]
PROF HERMANSEN,BJOERN PHD.，Braunschweig.German
玛丽蓉・雍格布露特・艾尔斯娜建筑师[德国艾克柔德]
MARION JUNGEBLUT ELSNER.FREIE ARCHlTEKTIN.Erkerode.Ger-many
设计设想及建筑区域
艾尔姆山别墅设计于2005/2006年，建在一块近4500m2大的坡地上。该地块临界一片350000m2大的自然草地，坐落在艾尔姆自然公园的南边坡上，坡顶远眺视线近100km。
艾尔姆山别墅在设计中充分考虑该地块视野宽阔的特点，采取开放型的建筑风格。
整个建筑体采用“丁”字形的布局，高低交错空间的设计使建筑外形与周围环境的起伏浑然一体。
建筑的纵向通过不同的层次，从二层楼高的居室延伸到底层的室外平台，与坡地的高低走向相应。而横向布置的餐厅和起居室则是在一个平面上。
在屋顶上采用玻璃采光，使整个空间向上延伸。整个后墙采用玻璃墙面，不但使坡下自然公园的风光尽收眼底，还使室内空间延伸出去。
室内的设计采用开放型的风格，内部只设置轻型的隔离墙，因此室内的布局很容易根据个人的不同需要而改变。
结构与材料
为了实现开放型的风格，艾尔姆山别墅在结构上选择了钢支柱与隔热保温砖墙(隔热系数为0.09)的混合结构。楼层地板采用钢筋混凝土结构。
正是由于采取了钢支柱撑重的结构才能在建筑的后面使用玻璃外墙。而钢筋混凝土的楼层地板结构使整个框架结构稳定地坐落在坡地上。
钢支柱四周包有保暖材料。由于外墙使用的是隔热保温砖，所以不用在墙外再另外贴保暖材料。
采用钢支柱撑重结构可使室内的空间高度根据使用性能的不同而随意设计。艾尔姆山别墅一楼进门的地方，餐厅厨房及起居范围的层高从3.6m到5.9m不等。一楼的辅助使用区域，例如客房，卫生间，桑拿室，办公室等的层高为2.5m。二层的卧室及居室的层高是2.95m到3.25m。
开放灵活的平面布局
内部布局：
室内设计采用开放型的风格，内部只设置轻型的隔离墙，因此室内的布局很容易根据个人的不同需要而改变。这种布局很适用子小型的家庭。整个家庭的活动中心是融汇餐厅厨房部分在一起的起居区域(family gathering room)。室外设有两个露天平台，可根据天气条件、日照情况随意选择使用。拉开玻璃外墙上大型的推拉门就会使室内外的生活流畅协调，过渡自然。
在上下层结构的区域里则设置个人活动空间(例如卧室及卫生间等等)。这里的空间可根据需要随意分割。目前二层除了卫生间外只设置了父母卧室及孩子的卧室，及开放的空间供孩子玩。以后在一层的这个区域可作为客房及办公室使用，这个区域有单独的出入大门和卫生间，最多能隔出5间房子，可作为一套独立的单元使用。
在整个的建筑与结构设计中，主要的宗旨是选择经济适用的开放性的方案。钢支柱和木结构的平屋顶的使用降低了造价，而隔热保温砖的使用节省复杂昂贵的外墙隔热保温系统。
节省能源
艾尔姆山别墅整个的能源使用方案有3点，
1 通过使用大型玻璃外墙在春秋两季能充分利用照射进来的太阳，使室内升温。在夏季通过房前大树的树荫及支出去的屋顶使室内保持凉爽。屋顶上的采光玻璃装有遮阳板，通过上面的通风孔使整个室内的温度宜人，空气新鲜。
2 在室外0℃以上的时候，室内将生壁炉取暖，晚上的温度将达到18℃。
3 在室外温度降到0℃以下的时候，室内白天生壁炉取暖，晚上另外加上地板暖气，以使室内温度晚上保持在一定的水平。
壁炉取暖的木材来自相邻的自然公园以及自家的院子里。
The Elm Hill Villa was designed and built in2005-2006.
The private residence lies on the southwestslope of the Elm Hills with a distant view of upto 100 kilometres.The landscape situation of the4500 sq.meter site,including a heavily woodedlot and adjacent 3.8 hectare meadow,was oneof the main influences reflected in the concep-tion of the space as a new definition of thesummit of the hill.( see Fig.1 Siteplan)
The structural concept is based on a fluidtransition between interior and exterior spaces,achieved by multiple cantilevered flat roofs ex-tending over the terraces surrounding the house,as well as through the non-bearing glass walls.From the exterior,one senses a flow from out-side to inside,from nature to shelter.
Through the arrangement of the differentlevels and floor slabs there are two main move-ments of the space in the house.The first isparallel to the slope of the hill,extending fromthe airy gallery downwards out to the ter-race-the second,as a counter-move-ment,lets the space flow across the hillfrom the living area toward the southwestterrace and downward into the valley.(seeFig.2+3 Cross-sections)
The skylight provides the movement
of space and light upward vertically,withthe full-front glazing providing the move-ment horizontally.
The ensemble of the building struc-tures fits into the landscape and the slopeof the hill,meshing into the top of the hillwith a 90-degree arrangement of the mainstructures and the various horizontal flatroofs and floor levels.The cross-shapedplan anchors the structure with its hori-zontal movement into the sandstone hill,similar to branches of a tree trunk on a hill-side.
The open floor plan allows for thechanging needs of a family because of thepossibility of adding in walls whereverneeded.
Construction
To achieve the conceptual design,aconstruction of steel columns and rein-forced concrete columns is combinedwith walls of aerated concrete blocks(thermal insulation value: lambda=0.09).
The unique construction allows theouter walls to be non-supporting,open-ing the house through lavish use ofglass to nature and the view,so thatnature becomes a part of the experienceof the interior rooms.The vertical slabson the north side,which as massive el-ements anchor the building into the hill,provide support and shelter from thewoods.
The insulated reinforced concretecolumns and aerated concrete blocksmake it possible to achieve the same val-ues as with a 12 cm thermal insulation,which allows for a single-shell construc-tion,providing more space and reducingcost.
Due to this construction,a great vari-ation in ceiling heights,from 3.60 to 5.90meters (living area),to 2.95 to 3.25 m(second floor) to 2.50 m (office/guestrooms) could be realized.
Open Floor Plan
Interior Design Concept
The construction is self-supporting andallows an open floor plan with no support-ing walls inside and the choice of freelydesigning later built-in walls to separatespace into individual rooms as needed.Theconcept is made for a family with 1 or 2children.The entire living area is designedas a family gathering room in the centre ofthe house,extending smoothly through thelarge glazed doors onto the surroundingterraces that in summertime maintain aflowing transition between the inner andouter spaces.
The 2-story section of the housecontains the private rooms and bathrooms,all of which can be connected or separat-ed.One option is to initially connect achild's bedroom directly to the masterbedroom in the upper level,while laterseparating the lower level (guest/office)room with its own entrance for use as pri-vate quarters.Up to 5 individual rooms arepossible.s
Energy Management Con-cept
The energy concept is based on threemain themes:
1.The fireplace,radiating warmthfrom its central location into the entirehouse,can be used to heat the house foroutside temperatures down to 0℃ Celsius,whereby depending on wind conditions,the house cools down at night to about18℃.
2.For outside temperatures below 0℃,heating can still be provided by the fire-place during the day,with additional warmthprovided by central floor heating at night.
3.During spring and fail,the building'swide glass fronts and skylight allow forpassive solar energy to provide all heating.During the warmer summer months thetall beech,oak and ash trees as well as theup to 7 meter cantilevered terrace roofsprovide shadow to prevent high tempera-tures-which along with ventilationthrough the large glass doors keeps thehouse pleasantly cool in summer.
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