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早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的效果分析

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  [摘要] 目的 探讨早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的效果。 方法 选取2015年1月~2018年10月出生的早产儿80例,随机分为两组,各40例。对照组早产儿予以早期口腔运动干预,包括口腔刺激及非营养吸吮两部分。观察组早产儿在对照组基础上给予腹部按摩。观察并比较两组早产儿治疗后喂养不耐受及经口喂养情况,并比较治疗2周后临床效果。 结果 观察组早产儿喂养不耐受发生率明显低于对照组,开始经口喂养时间及完全经口喂养时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗2周后,观察组早产儿临床总有效率明显高于对照组(χ2=4.50,P<0.05)。 结论 早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩用于早产儿的临床效果确切,可提高喂养效果,减少喂养不耐受的发生,尽早达完全经口喂养。
  [关键词] 喂养不耐受;早产儿;口腔运动干预;腹部按摩
  [中图分类号] R722.6          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)02-0077-03
  Effect of early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants
  CHEN Lingjiao   WU Aixi   WANG Lizhen
  Department of Pediatrics, Taizhou Hospital Taizhou, Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai   317000, China
  [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants. Methods 80 premature infants born between January 2015 and October 1818 were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 patients in each group. Premature infants in the control group were given early oral exercise interventions, including oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking. Premature infants of the observation group were treated with abdominal massage based on the treatment of the control group. The feeding intolerance and oral feeding after treatment in the two groups were observed and compared, and the clinical effects after 2 weeks of treatment were compared. Results The incidence of feeding intolerance in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the oral feeding time and complete oral feeding time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group(P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment, the total clinical effective rate of preterm infants in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (χ2=4.50, P<0.05). Conclusion Early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage for premature infants has clear clinical effect, which can improve feeding effect, reduce the occurrence of feeding intolerance, and complete oral feeding as soon as possible.
  [Key words] Feeding intolerance; Premature infant; Oral exercise intervention; Abdominal massage
  早產儿因消化道尚未完全发育成熟和神经系统调节障碍等因素,喂养后极易发生喂养不耐受现象,表现为腹胀、频繁呕吐、吃奶困难和胃储留等,从而不能尽早实现全量经口喂养,使得早产儿营养摄入不足,影响其生长发育。因此,对早产儿予以积极有效干预,预防喂养不耐受及改善其营养状况是临床治疗的关键[1-3]。早期口腔运动干预和腹部按摩均为目前治疗早产儿喂养不耐受较常用方法,但两者联合使用国内报道较少[4-5]。本研究分析早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的效果,现报道如下。   1 资料与方法
  1.1 一般资料
  选取2015年1月~2018年10月在我院产科出生的早产儿80例。纳入标准[6]:(1)胎龄28~37周,生命体征平稳;(2)5 min Apgar评分≥8分。排除标准[7]:口腔或消化道畸形、严重心肺疾病、颅内感染、遗传代谢疾病及败血症等。按照随机数字表法将分为两组,各40例。两组早产儿性别、胎龄、体质量和5 min Apgar评分等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
  1.2 治疗方法
  对照组早产儿予以早期口腔运动干预,包括口腔刺激及非营养吸吮两部分,其中口腔刺激即喂养前0.5 h予以嘴唇、脸颊、牙龈和舌头等部位进行刺激;非营养吸吮即让早产儿吸吮无孔安抚奶嘴10 min/次,5次/d。观察组早产儿在对照组基础上再加腹部按摩即早产儿喂养后1 h取平卧位,按环形或U形按摩腹部,按摩以脐为中心,手法轻缓柔和,不可用力过重,15 min/次,2次/d。观察并比较两组早产儿治疗后喂养不耐受及经口喂养情况,并比较治疗2周后临床效果。
  1.3 观察指标
  1.3.1 喂养不耐受及经口喂养情况  包括喂养不耐受发生率,开始经口喂养时间及完全经口喂养时间,其中喂养不耐受是指早产儿出现呕吐、腹胀及奶汁潴留等情况;开始经口喂养时间是指首次经口奶瓶喂养≥5 mL/次;完全经口喂养时间是指经口喂养奶量120 mL/(kg·d)。
  1.3.2 效果评估标准[8]  显效:早产儿吸吮力显著好转,胃残留量明显减少,呕吐及腹胀症状基本消失,肠鸣音基本恢复;有效:早产儿吸吮力有所好转,胃残留量有所减少,呕吐及腹胀有所减轻,肠鸣音有所增强;无效:未达上述标准。总有效包括显效+有效。
  1.4 统计学处理
  应用SPSS18.0软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
  2 结果
  2.1 两组早产儿治疗后喂养不耐受及经口喂养情况比较
  观察组早产儿喂养不耐受发生率明显低于对照组,开始经口喂养时间及完全经口喂养时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。
  表2   两组早产儿治疗后喂养不耐受及经口喂养情况比较
  2.2 两组早产儿疗效比较
  治疗2周后,观察组早产儿临床总有效率明显高于对照组(χ2=4.50,P<0.05)。见表3。
  表3   两组早产儿疗效比较[n(%)]
  3 讨论
  喂养不耐受是指新生儿开奶后出现的胃潴留、呕吐、返流、腹胀等现象,是早产儿最常见的并发症之一,主要是由于早產儿胎龄小、体质量低、胃肠道功能发育尚不健全,尤其是胃肠道的动力发育相对较滞后,加上吸吮和口腔吞咽功能较差,引起消化吸收功能障碍,导致胃肠道功能失调,引起肠道喂养不耐受,主要表现为频繁呕吐、腹部饱胀和胃内容物残留等,影响肠道热量摄取不足,导致营养物质的摄入不足,影响其生长发育,严重时危及早产儿生存,因此,如何减少早产儿喂养不耐受和保证营养物质的供应是儿科医护人员关心的重要问题[9-10]。以往临床上常采用早期的管饲喂养或胃肠外营养来满足早产儿的日常营养需求,虽有一定的效果,但早期的管饲喂养对消化道正常刺激减少,不仅可致多种胃肠道并发症发生,而且可引起胃肠道黏膜萎缩;胃肠外营养不仅可影响早产儿的正常的味觉和知觉的发育,而且胃肠道黏膜因刺激减少发生废用性萎缩,削弱了早产儿的胃肠功能结构完整性,对胃肠道激素的合成分泌、活性都有不利的影响,影响胃肠道的正常发育[11,12]。
  本研究通过早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩用于早产儿取得了较好的效果,其中早期口腔运动干预通过对早产儿嘴唇、脸颊、牙龈和舌头等部位的适当刺激,这不仅可刺激口腔黏膜及肌肉中的感觉神经的末稍,提高肌肉的兴奋性缓解其痉挛,有利于口腔肌肉的协调发育,使口咽部肌肉的收缩性、运动强度及定向反射等得以增加,刺激早产儿口腔运动反射的建立和成熟[13,14];还可促进胃泌素、胃动素等内源性胃肠激素的分泌释放,提高胃肠蠕动的动力;并能诱发正常的吞咽反射建立,提高吞咽与吸吮反射的协调性,有助于早产儿吮吸模式的建立和成熟,使得吸吮动作更有力,有利于每日摄入奶量均衡,从而缩短经口喂养的时间,尽快达完全经口喂养[15-17];同时还可促进早产儿对类乳头建立条件反射,逐渐建立起吸吮-吞咽-呼吸间的协调式运动,降低经口喂养对早产儿呼吸的影响,有效推动早产儿胃肠功能的发育及成熟,提高喂养的耐受程度,降低喂养不耐受的发生[18,19]。腹部按摩是一种胃肠道机械性刺激方式,通过神经反馈机制刺激胃肠道的迷走神经反射,不仅可增加胃肠道平滑肌的血流量,而且可刺激膈肌发育,增加胃肠壁肌肉张力,促进胃肠壁细胞发育,增强胃肠道的蠕动及促进胃肠道的消化吸收,提高早产儿的食欲,使奶量摄入增加,缩短胃肠道内容物的停留,加快胃肠道的排泄[20,21]。早产儿予以早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩干预可使早产儿尽快具有主动摄入足够生长发育所需营养的能力,降低喂养期间并发症的发生,能减少或防止坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生,从而使早产儿早日康复。本研究结果显示,观察组早产儿喂养不耐受发生率明显低于对照组,开始经口喂养时间及完全经口喂养时间明显短于对照组,且治疗2周后,观察组早产儿临床总有效率明显高于对照组。提示早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩用于早产儿的效果明显优于单纯的早期口腔运动干预,可提高喂养效果,减少喂养不耐受的发生,尽早达完全经口喂养。
  总之,早期口腔运动干预联合腹部按摩用于早产儿的临床效果确切,可提高喂养效果,减少喂养不耐受的发生,尽早达完全经口喂养。早期口腔运动干预与腹部按摩的联合使用,有利于发挥两种干预措施在早产儿经口喂养治疗中的积极效应,获得叠加式提升效果,提高经口喂养治疗的安全性和有效性。   [參考文献]
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  (收稿日期:2019-01-22)
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